条件句中的虚拟语气

　　第一节：if引导的条件句中的虚拟语气

　　虚拟语气表示一种不能实现的假设。该语法主要用于if条件状语从句。

　　一、if引导的条件状语从句的分类及虚拟条件句的判断

　　1、可以把条件句分为两类：

　　1).真实条件句(Sentences of Real Condition)：凡是假设的情况发生性可能很大，就是真实条件句。例如：

　　⑴、If I have time , I will help you with this work.如果我有时间会帮助你做此工作的。

　　⑵、As long as I say anything wrong, you must point it out.只要我说了什么错话，你一定要指出来。

　　⑶、If time permits, we'll go fishing together.(如果有时间的话，我们就一起去钓鱼。)

　　2).虚拟条件句(Sentences of Unreal Condition)：当假设是不大可能实现时，就是虚拟条件句。例如：

　　⑴、If I were you , I would have attended the meeting. 如果我是你的话，就去参加会议了。

　　⑵、If he had come here yesterday, he would have seen his old friend.假如他昨天来这儿的话，就会看见他的老朋友。

　　⑴、If it had rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home.(如果昨天下雨的话，我们就会留在家里。)

　　2、.if条件状语从句中虚拟语气的判断

　　判断是真实条件句还是非真实条件句。只有在非真实条件句中才使用虚拟语气。通过句子意思，看假设的条件是否能够实现，能够实现是真实条件句，不能使用虚拟语气;假设的条件不能实现则是非真实条件句，要用虚拟语气。

　　判断这个假设是与哪个事实相反。通常有三种情况：①与过去事实相反。②与现在事实相反。③与将来事实可能相反。

　　3、“后退一步法”

　　后退一步法是指在准确地判断了该句与哪一事实相反后，按虚拟语气的后退一步法处理从句谓语动词的时态。即：在非真实条件状语从句中，谓语动词按正常情况“后退一步”。也就是：

　　①与过去事实相反，在从句中用过去完成时形式表示。

　　②与现在事实相反，在从句中用过去一般时形式表示。

　　③与将来事实可能相反，在从句中用过去将来时形式表示。

　　主句中则用情态动词would, should, could 等加一个与从句一致的动词形式。例：

　　⑴、If I had come her yesterday, I would have seen him.

　　⑵、If I were a teacher, I would be strict with my students.

　　⑶、If it should snow tomorrow, they couldn't go out.

　　4、注意事项

　　①if条件句中如有were, should, had，可以省去if，并使用倒装语序。

　　②在现代英语中if条件状与从句中的谓语动词如果是be其过去形式一般用were。

二、虚拟语气在if 引导的条件句中的用法：

　　(一)、表示与现在事实相反的情况。其句子结构为：

　　从句：if + 主语+ 动词的过去式(be 用were) + ……

　　主句：主语+ would (should, could , might) + 动词原形+ ……

　　例：

　　1.If I were you, I would go with him.

　　2.If the weather were fine, I would go there.

　　如果天气好，我去那儿。(事实天气不好)

　　3.If I were you, I would read it again.

　　如果我是你的话，我再读一遍。(事实上我不是你)

　　4.If time permitted, I would write it again.

　　如果时间允许的话，我再写一遍。(事实上时间不允许)

　　5.If it weren’t snowing, we wouldn’t stay in the house.

　　要是现在不下雪的话，我们就不会待在屋里。(事实上现在下雪)

　　6.What would I do if I were in your place?

　　要是我处于你地位我会怎么办?(事实上我不在你的位置上)

　　7.If he hurried, he could catch the first bus.

　　他要是快点能够赶上头班公共汽车。(可是他不着急)

　　8.If it weren’t for your help, we would get into trouble.

　　如果没有你们的帮助，我们就会陷入困境。(而事实上得到了你们的帮助)

　　9.If we had the manpower, we could open up even more land.

　　如果有人力,我们还能开更多的荒地.

　　10. If I were you, I would go with him.

　　(从句If I were you, 主句I would go with him.)

　　11. If I were you, I should buy it.

　　(从句用过去式动词were，主句用动词原形buy)

　　12. If I had time, I would study French.

　　(如果有时间，我会学习法文。)(从句用过去式动词had，主句用动词原形study)

　　13. If she knew English, she would not ask me for help.

　　(如果她懂英文，她就不必要我帮了。)(从句用过去式动词knew, 主句用动词原形ask)

　　注意：如果动作在进行中，主句要用："主语+ would be + 进行式动词+ ……"

　　14. If they were here, he would be speaking to them now.

　　(从句用过去式动词were, 主句用would be speaking)

　　(二)、表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句。其句子结构为：

　　从句：If + 主语+ had +过去完成式动词+ ……

　　主句：主语+ would (should, could, might) + have +过去完成式动词+……

例如:

　　⑴、If you had taken my advice, you would not have made such a mistake.如果你听了我的劝告,就不会犯这样的错误。(事实上你没有听我的劝告)

　　⑵、I shouldn’t have been able to write such good novels if I hadn’t lived among the peasants for five years.如果我不是和农民生活了五年，就不可能写出这样好的小说。(事实上我和农民生活了五年)

　　⑶、If you hadn’t invited me, I shouldn’t have come to the party.如果你不邀请我，我就不会来参加你的舞会。(事实上你邀请了我)

　　⑷、If it hadn’t been for your help, I shouldn’t have finished this work on time. 要是没有你们的帮忙，我就不会按时完成了这项工作。(事实上你们帮助了我)

　　⑸、If he hadn’t broken the law, he wouldn’t have been put in prison.如果他不违法的话，就不会被打入监狱。(事实上他违法了)

　　⑹、If I hadn’t been ill yesterday, I might have come to school.昨天要是不生病，我是可能来上学的。(事实上我生病了)

　　⑺、If I had been your headmaster, I should have dismissed you from school. 我要是你们校长的话，就把你开除学籍了。(事实上我不是)

　　⑻、 If you had studied harder last term, you could have passed exam.(从句动词用had studied, 主句动词用have passed)如果你在上个学期用功一些，你就会在考试中过关了。

　　⑼、 If you had taken my advice, you wouldn't have failed in the exam.(从句动词用had taken, 主句动词用have failed)如果你当时听从我的劝告的话，你就不会在考试中失败了。

　　⑽、 If you had got up earlier, you could have caught the train.(从句动词用had got up, 主句动词用have caught)如果你起身得早一点，你就会赶得上火车了。

　　⑾、 If it had snowed, I would have skied in the park.(从句动词用had snowed, 主句动词用have skied)如果下雪的话，我就可在公园里滑雪了。

　　注意：如果动作在进行中，主句要用："主语+ would + have + 完成进行式动词 +……

　　⑿、 If they had been here, he would have been speaking to them.(从句动词用had been, 主句动词用have been speaking)

　　(三)、表示与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句(对将来的事实实现的可能性不大)。其句子结构为：

　　从句：If + 主语+ should (或were) + 动词原形+……

　　主句：主语+ would (could, should, might) + 动词原形+……

　　例如：

　　⑴、If I were to work at this problem, I would do it in another way.要是我来解这道难题，我会用另外一种方法的。

　　⑵、If you were to do such a thing again, you would be punished. 如果你再做这样的事情，就会受到惩罚。

　　⑶、If I should work harder, I could make much more progress.假如我更努力学习的话，我会取得更大的进步。(事实上我不可能努力学习)

　　⑷、If it should rain tomorrow, I would stay at home.如果明天下雨的话，我将待在家里。(根据天气情况，明天不可能下雨)

　　⑸、If he should come, I could ask him for some advice.万一他来了，我就能够向他请教。(事实上他来的可能性很小)

　　⑹、If he came tomorrow, I would do it with him.如果明天他来的话，我将和他一起做此事。(事实上他来的可能性很小)

　　⑺、 If it should rain, the crops would be saved.(从句动词用should rain，主句动词用be)如果天下雨，庄稼可能就收获了。

　　⑻、 If he were to go fomorrow, he might tell you.(从句动词用were to, 主句动词用tell)如果明天他走的话，他可能会告诉你。

　　⑼、 If he were here, I would give him the books.(从句动词用were, 主句动词用give)如果他在这儿，我可能会把书给他。

　　注意：如果动作在进行中，从句(不是主句喔)要用："If + 主语+ 过去进行式动词 +……"

　　⑽、 If she were staying here now, I would let her ride my horse.(从句动词用were staying, 主句动词用let)如果她现在留在这儿，我可能会让她骑我的马。